From your screenshot, it looks as though your bookmarks toolbar is there, but it's empty. Does that sound like what you're getting? And if you view your bookmarks in a sidebar, are they in the Bookmarks Toolbar folder or one of the others?
I'm not sure I'm going to be able to give you the answer, but for comparison I've attached clips of my menus/settings, and I do have the toolbar showing and filled with bookmarks:
The Menu one has Always Show ticked (as you said yours is)
The Customise one shows what the toolbar looks like in the Customise window, with the toolbar items showing at the left hand end
The Library one shows the Bookmarks Toolbar folder in context, and I can open it up to show the subfolders and bookmarks that I normally have showing.
All I can suggest at present is that you compare your settings to mine, and make sure that the Bookmarks Toolbar folder (in the Library or sidebar) contains the bookmarks you want to see. I hope that helps........