I can help with Edward's background although age fluctuates:
In 1891 he's in St. Alkmund, Derbyshire with family - shown bc.1849 All Saints, Derbyshire
In 1881 he's unmarried in Nottingham shown bc.1847 Derby
In 1871 he's an inmate in Portsmouth, Hampshire - then a mariner - bc.1848 Derby (incorrectly transcribed on Ancestry as 13 when original page states 23).
1861 in Derby with family:
James Doud 35 born Ireland
Mary Doud 33 ditto
Edward Doud 15 ditto
Catherine Doud 8 born Derby
Patrick Doud 10 ditto
Mary Doud 6 ditto
Margaret Doud 4 ditto
In 1851 family are in Derby as Doud.
So, although raised in Derby, Edward Doud/Dowd was actually born in Ireland (ca.1845-6) like his parents James and Mary. Edward was the eldest child and I guess if his parents never actually told him he was born in Ireland he assumed he was born in Derby like all his younger siblings. (Brother Patrick's birth in 1850 shows mmn as Keenan on GRO Index).
Annette