I am afraid the answer to both your questions is no!
It was in (and after) 1837 that (only) the father's name was entered on a Marriage Certificate. Civil Registration.
At the same time (it was introduced that) a mother's maiden name be recorded on a Birth Certificate. Civil Registration.
The only clues that may be found, on an earlier Marriage Record, are the names of the witnesses. Mind you this is very rarely the case.
Yes those ages make the whole scenario a bit messy. Plus there appears to be a further 4 legitimate siblings to James, as under. Botheration!

1801 Dec 25 Rob BARNES s/o William & Ann
1805 Mar 24 My Ann BARNES d/o William & Ann
1810 Jan 14 Sam BARNES s/o William & Ann
1812 Mar 1 Sarah BARNES s/o William & Ann
An apologetic,
Tony