I don't think you can be sure that Thomas GOLDTHORPE of Monk Bretton married Mary SCARGILL, but it is worth considering. Hoopefully, some other data will confirm (or less hopefully, confound) it.
It would be worth searching for their children in subsequent censuses. Incidentally, Thomas certainly moved around. I think the Chapeltown near Wortley that you mention is the one I attributed to Sheffield in order to distinguish it from the one in Leeds. It was never in Wortley RD but in Ecclesfield, which was later incorporated into Sheffield.
The 1851 census (briefly) has this familym living at Shep Cote, Monk Bretton, Barnsley:
Thomas GOLDTHORPE, 38, Coal Miner, b Chappeltown.
Mary do, Wife, 36, b. Clayton-in-the Clay.
John do, 14, Hurrier, b. Yorks, Attercliffe.
Helen do, 12, b. Yorks, Duckinfield.
Isabella do, 10, b. Yorks, Ardsley.
Tom do, 6, b. Yorks, Cudworth.
Alfred do, 1, b. Yorks, Monk Bretton.
In addition to the Mary GOLDTHORPE you mention who died in Barnsley in 1857, there was another who died in the December 1/4 of 1860 and a Mary Hannah GOLDTHORPE, who may be the same person, in the same 1/4, both Barnsley.
Sam