One thing you can do safely from the outside is to check the fan of the Power Supply (PSU) - it will be a caged opening at the back - about 2.5" diameter - make sure its pushing air out, and see if its an obvious source of the noise.
Also check all air-intake slots in the case rear and sides for blockage (fluff and dust can build up fast)
Otherwise, it will most likely be the CPU fan mounted on its heatsink. I'd advise a visual inspection first and a look for anything obvious gumming up the works.... the fact that you get the 'turbo' effect suggests that the fan occasionally gets up to speed....
Did your PC come with any software labelled 'PC Health' or similar ? If so, it can run and give you (graphical) readouts of 'health' - including fan rpm .... you could monitor ...
Mine sounds like a lawnmower with stones on startup, but gradually revs up and stays steady at about 4000 rpm - next time I'm inside the box I'll change it - less than a tenner from most suppliers, and you can buy online at
www.novatech.co.ukGood luck !
PS. I asked about Laptop as they do have a fan that cuts in with system temp' increases - I'not 100% sure that Desktops have this feature, or a 'boost' - but could be wrong...