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Scotland (Counties as in 1851-1901) => Scotland => Lanarkshire => Topic started by: geneaglutton on Sunday 12 May 13 01:19 BST (UK)
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I have an ancestor named John Craig who married Mary Gartshore in 1810 in New Monkland. I have Mary's death record but not John's. He was living in Cambusnethan in 1856 when his daughter Mary married John Hamilton. Mary (Gartshore) is a widow in Hamilton in 1861. My efforts to find John's death on Scotland's People have so far been unsuccessful.
John could have been the son of William Craig and Jean Brackenridge of New Monkland. They had a son John in 1785, which works with John's age in the 1851 census. It's a little off for the 1841 census, but I understand census takers were told to round off upwards. I see some old posts online from a researcher working on William Craig, son of William Craig and Jean Brackenridge. She/He says William's brother John died in Indiana, but I find no source. Does anyone know anything about the Craig Brackenridge family? I'd love for my John to connect to them, but I'd be content to eliminate them as a possibility.
Mahalo (thank you in Hawaiian)
Geneaglutton
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Just out of curiosity, who were this Mary Gartshore's parents? I have a lot of New Monkland Gartshores, and many of them emigrated to Canada.
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It's a little off for the 1841 census, but I understand census takers were told to round off upwards
In 1841 the enumerators were instructed to round adults' ages down to the nearest 5 years. So someone born in 1785 should be listed as aged 55.
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Forfarian,
That's interesting, because I read the exact opposite on census ages, but it was a long time ago, and I'm losing brain cells daily.
The Mary Gartshore who married my John Craig was the daughter of George Gartshore and Elizabeth "Bethia" Thomson. She was born on 1 Dec 1788 in New Monkland and died on 26 May 1873 in Hamilton. George Gartshore was the son of John Gartshore and Janet Waddell. John was the son of John Gartshore and Susanna Howie. That John was the son of John Gartshore and Elizabeth Wood. He was the son of another John Gartshore and was the one who moved from Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire to New Monkland.
My information comes primarily from Graham Gartshore (in Scotland) and/or Sondra Gartshore Jernigan (in Canada). Graham's website is at http://www.gartshorefamilyhistory.co.uk/. It's a great site with photographs and excerpts from Thomas Watson's book about Kirkintilloch and a book about the parish of New Monkland. Graham believes that all the Gartshores in the world stem from this family. Sondra wrote a book about her Canadian Gartshores. A quick Google search shows me several of her posts on Ancestry.com and rootsweb.com. The most current email address I see for her online is (*), but that's 10 years old.
I can email you a Gartshore gedcom if you want to leave me a personal message with your email address.
Aloha,
Geneaglutton
(*) Moderator Comment: e-mail removed in accordance with RootsChat policy, to avoid spamming and other abuses.
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Hi Geneaglutton
Here is an extract from the 1841 census information from S.P.
Points to note about the 1841 Census:
•Although the names of household members were recorded, the head of the household was not denoted and therefore relationship of household members to the head is absent.
•Enumerators were instructed to round down the ages of persons 15 years and over to the nearest five years. Hence a given age of 28 would be recorded as 25, one of 63 as 60 and so on. If a person lied about their age, this, combined with the rounding down, could severely distort the actual age. You will find instances where enumerators did not adhere to this instruction on age and inserted the given age.
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Thank you for your offer of a GEDCOM. I will PM you as suggested.
I collect Waddells in New Monkland, so I would be extremely interested in seeing a GEDCOM of your Gartshores.
I also have Howies in Shotts/New Monkland, though I am not getting on quite so well with the, and I see that you mention a Susanna Howie.
I am aware of Robert Gartshore and Mary Mochrie, who must have married about 1752. I have Robert's parents as John Gartshore and Anna Howie, and Mary Mochrie's parents as James Mochrie and Mary Waddell. This Mary was a daughter of the Stanrigg Waddells.
I'm aware of the Gartshore web site, where I have found quite a lot of relevant information.
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"That John was the son of John Gartshore and Elizabeth Wood. He was the son of another John Gartshore and was the one who moved from Kirkintilloch, Dunbartonshire to New Monkland."
These are my ancestors and there is no existing evidence that the father of John Gartshore who married Elizabeth Wood was a John Gartshore of Kirkintilloch. In fact, there is no record of who John Gartshore's father might have been or where he lived, though a distant cousin, Graham Gartshore, may be correct in assuming he was named John Gartshore. I have a copy of the marriage record of John Gartshore and Elizabeth Wood and copies of the sasines whereby John Gartshore borrowed money from Alexander Gartshore of Gartshore in December 1688, bought Middle Blairlin a week later and had paid back Alexander Gartshore by 1694 (interesting since these were times of economic hardship and religious and political turmoil). No documentation has been found to explain the relationship between the two families but the proximity of their land (about 3 miles apart) and the fact of the loan suggest a possible/probable kinship. Although much is known about the Gartshores of Gartshore back to the early 1600's and some references prior to this, there is no evidence yet found to prove a relationship....so far anyway. The Gartshores of Gartshore eventually had no direct descendants and the estate was given to a distant relative through their female line, John Murray, 2nd son of Sir Patrick Murray, 6th Bart. of Ochtertyre, who took the surname Gartshore. Unfortunately, they didn't offered it to my ancestors! :'(
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I have an ancestor named John Craig who married Mary Gartshore in 1810 in New Monkland.
Hi geneaglutton. We have corresponded in the past. I'm new on Rootschat so still trying to learn the format for quotes etc.
I wonder if your John Craig was related to John Craig who was a witness at the 29 December 1712 marriage between John Gartshore and Susanna Howie. The New Monkland OPR entry is as follows:
p. 243
1712 Decr 29 John Gartshore and Susanna Howie Witt: John Craig yo[unge]r in Middle Blairlin and William Thome son to Ro[ber]t Thome in Easter Glentore
I have also been unsuccessful at finding the ancestry of Susanna Howie, born abt. 1690. Since she and her husband, John Gartshore, named a son Joseph (b. 1736), I have wondered if she was related to Joseph Howie of Meikle Drumgray. However, I have not been able to find anything about her ancestry, let alone whether she is connected to Joseph Howie. Any info would be welcome!
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1712 Decr 29 John Gartshore and Susanna Howie Witt: John Craig yo[unge]r in Middle Blairlin and William Thome son to Ro[ber]t Thome in Easter Glentore
I have also been unsuccessful at finding the ancestry of Susanna Howie, born abt. 1690. Since she and her husband, John Gartshore, named a son Joseph (b. 1736), I have wondered if she was related to Joseph Howie of Meikle Drumgray. However, I have not been able to find anything about her ancestry, let alone whether she is connected to Joseph Howie. Any info would be welcome!
Interesting! She is certainly not a daughter of Joseph Howie of Meikle Drumgray, because he did not marry Elizabeth Hay until 1717. The Sasines suggest that Joseph's parents were Robert Howie, younger of Glentore, and Elizabeth Manuel, who were married in 16 May 1686. However I know of only four children of that marriage, not including a Susanna. On the other hand, one witness was from Easter Glentore, which was in the Howie family before Meikle Drumgray, so it does look very likely that she was a relative.
There is one sasine (RS42/XI.267 - between 1699 and 1709) which mentions
Joseph Howie of Meikle Drumgray, son of Robert Howie, portioner of Easter Glentore
His wife Elizabeth Hay, daughter of George Hay in Annathill
Joseph Howie, portioner of Easter Glentore
Robert Howie of Ruchrig, writer in Hamilton, son of Robert Howie yr, portioner of Easter Glentore
and one (RS42/IX.458 - between 1688 and 1693) which mentions Janet, Margaret and Robert of Ruchrig as children of Robert H, Yr, portioner of Easter Glentore. It also mentions Joseph H, portioner of Easter Glentore, though the index doesn't make it clear whether this refers to Joseph Sr or his grandson Joseph Jr.
I will obviously have to bite the bullet and have a look at these - though my chances of deciphering them unaided are small.
However there is no mention in the index of Susanna Howie.
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Hi Forgarian,
I have no more information on the Howies. I'll note your information and hope I can someday help out there. I'm in Hawaii and don't have access to material that is not online. By the bye, my Gartshore line shows that the family stuck to the Scottish tradition of naming the first son after the father's father for at least five generations. They were not consistent in subsequent children, although the wife's father's name does appear among the children eventually.
Aloha SoniJ,
Thanks for your information on the origins of the Gartshores of Middle Blairlin. I was relying on Graham's research. Several years ago, he was kind enough to pass on a Gartshore gedcom. Some of his data I have been able to confirm through my own research, but, again, my research opportunities are somewhat limited.
Geneaglutton
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How about this.
SP has 9 baptisms of children with father John Gartshore and mother Howie:
Date Child Mother
10 Oct 1714 John Susanna
21 April 1717 Elizabeth Susanna
9 August 1719 Jean Anne
3 December 1721 John Annie
7 June 1724 Susanna Susanna
8 January 1727 Robert Annie
4 January 1730 Alexander Susanna
8 October 1732 John Anne
21 Feb 1736 Joseph Sussana
It looks very much to me as if this is one person, sometimes recorded as Ann(i)e and sometimes as Sus(s)an(n)a. Of course one would need to check the original baptisms.
However if they are all the same person, note that the first two sons (presumably the first one died in infancy) are named John, and the next son is Robert. The first daughter is Elizabeth. If, as you say, they followed the naming tradition, this does suggest that Anne/Susanna might be the daughter of a Robert Howie. Could it be Robert H, Younger of Glentore? But if so, why is Anne/Susanna not mentioned in that sasine which mentions three, possibly four, children of Robert H of Glentore?
Thoughts, anyone?
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It looks very much to me as if this is one person, sometimes recorded as Ann(i)e and sometimes as Sus(s)an(n)a. Of course one would need to check the original baptisms.
These baptisms are correct, I have copies of the originals. The Gartshores did follow the Scottish naming tradition. Since John Gartshore's parents were named John and Elizabeth and his own name was John, it is no surprise they were the first children names and the name John was rechosen when two infants named John died young. So I have assumed that Susanna's parents were either Robert and Jean or John and Jean. Susanna is named Anna in a 1772 Bond and Tack in which Mary Mochrie promises to "support Anna Howie mother to the said Robert Gartshore my husband..."
Interestingly, in my notes taken from viewing the OPR for New Monkland, I have an entry for a baptism Feb 10 1696, John Howie & Jean Steel in Ridgend had a child baptized called Joseph, witness John Steel. This entry does not appear in a search of familysearch.org. This couple do not appear in later baptisms, but John Howie and Margaret Steel in Ridgend or Hagmuir have children Mark (1697), John (1701) and Anna (1703). I don't know if the name Jean Steel was a mistake in the register or whether she died and John married Margaret Steel. Obviously Anna b. 1703 is too young to be Susanna Howie but this may be a family connection with the name Joseph Howie.
As usual, more questions than answers.
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I have assumed that Susanna's parents were either Robert and Jean or John and Jean.
If (Sus)anna's mother was Jean, you'd expect her first daughter to be Jean, not Elizabeth. Perhaps (Sus)anna's mother was also an Elizabeth? Then, of course, we would need to explain why (Sus)anna's second daughter was named Jean rather than (Sus)anna.
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How many souls did these communities have? If there are only 25 Howies in town, then Susanna must belong to one of them (or is a cousin who came on a visit and stayed). If there are 150, we're on shakier ground. Just wondering.
Geneaglutton
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Probably nearer 25 than 150. Easter Glentore is a relatively small estate or large farm, and the fact that some of the Howies are described as 'portioner' means that the estate was either divided up among a family, or that two or more of the family owned it jointly. We'd need to see (and decipher!) the relevant sasines to find out how much land there was and how it was divided or apportioned.
I'd be astonished if (Sus)anna is not related to Joseph. The challenge will be proving it!
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George HAY in Annathill.
There was a Roman Catholic 'bishop' George HAY, of the Annathill family in the late 18th C. See "Enumeration of the inhabitants of the city of Glasgow and county of Lanark" by James Cleland who claimed to be a near relation of the George HAY.
<https://books.google.co.za/books?id=OAxDAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA76> or
<https://books.google.co.za/books?id=WZg9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148> where it gives his father as WS in Edinburgh.
Nisbett's Heraldry, Appx, p. 132 gives Andrew HAY, of Inchnoch & Mary HUCHESON a 2nd son George, who had a son James, WS in Edinburgh.
Needs a bit more evidence.
Regards, Don
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I've been looking into this George Hay in Annathill, and so far the only primary reference I have found is that sasine in which Elizabeth Hay, wife of Joseph Howie of Meikle Drumgray is described as daughter of George Hay in Annathill (not, be it noted, of Annathill). The sasine is in Volume 12, which covers the period 1709 to 1719, and Elizabeth's marriage was in 1717, so the sasine presumably relates to that.
James Cleland LLD says, in his Annals of Glasgow, that Bishop George Hay (1729-1811) was 'a member of the Annathill family'. He also says that he himself is 'nearly related to the Bishop'. However he does not give any details except that Bishop Hay's father was a Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh. (There is no listing of this James Hay in the List of Members of the Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet)
The Dictionary of National Biography says that Bishop Hay was born on 24 August 1729, the only son of James Hay, 'a writer in Dalrymple's office' and Mary Morrison, and grandson of Andrew Hay of Inchnoch. I read somewhere that James Hay's father was George Hay. As Bishop Hay was born in 1729, it is reasonable to suppose that his father James Hay was born around 1700, and hence that his grandfather George was born around 1670.
Andrew Hay of Inchnoch and Gayne was the son of the Reverend John Hay of Ranfield or Renfield and his wife Agnes Forsyth, whose father was David Forsyth of Hallhill, Dykes and Inchnoch. He married Mary Hutcheson and according to Fasti Ecclesiae Scoticanae their second son, another Reverend John Hay, was born in 1654.
James Cleland LLD (1770-1840) was the son of John Cleland of Easter Blairlin and his wife Jean Waddell.
Jean Waddell (1748-1788) was the daughter of James Waddell of Magiscroft and his wife Anna or Anne Howie.
Anna or Anne Howie was born in 1718 at Drumgray, the daughter of Joseph Howie and Elizabeth Hay.
So James Cleland LLD can be shown to be the great-grandson of George Hay of Annathill.
As Elizabeth was married in 1717, it is reasonable to suppose that she was born in about the 1690s, and therefore that George Hay in Annathill, her father, was born in about the 1660s.
So we have George Hay, son of Andrew Hay of Inchnoch, said by Cleland to be of the Annathill family, born around 1670, and George Hay in Annathill, father of Elizabeth, who would have been born in about the 1660s.
Therefore it looks probable that these two George Hays are one and the same, and therefore that James Cleland LLD was first cousin twice removed to Bishop George Hay.
Would anyone care to pick holes in my reasoning, and/or can anyone find a primary source indicating that George Hay, son of Andrew of Inchnoch, is indeed George Hay in Annathill?
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Some additional details.
Nisbet's Heraldry, Appx states that Andrew [m Mary HUCHESON] had a 2nd son George in Annathill, who had a son James, writer in Edinburgh.
Witnesses to the wedding of Joseph HOWIE & Elizabeth HAY in 1717 were John HAY IN Inchnoch & James HAY in Annathill. George the Bishop's father [from DNB] "James Hay, a ‘writer in Dalrymple's Office,’ who as a nonjuror and a Jacobite was put in irons and banished in 1715" Perhaps he was out by 1717 and was the witness at his sister's wedding.
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Some additional details.
Nisbet's Heraldry, Appx states that Andrew [m Mary HUCHESON] had a 2nd son George in Annathill, who had a son James, writer in Edinburgh.
The version of Nisbet in front of me does indeed say that Andrew Hay and Mary Hutcheson had a son George whose son James was a writer in Edinburgh. It does not describe this George as in Annathill.
Witnesses to the wedding of Joseph HOWIE & Elizabeth HAY in 1717 were John HAY IN Inchnoch & James HAY in Annathill. George the Bishop's father [from DNB] "James Hay, a ‘writer in Dalrymple's Office,’ who as a nonjuror and a Jacobite was put in irons and banished in 1715" Perhaps he was out by 1717 and was the witness at his sister's wedding.
Perhaps he was.
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More evidence.
Elizabeth Hay's great-grandson James Cleland says that Bishop George Hay (1729-1811) was a member of the Annathill family, and that he was nearly related to himself.
Nisbet's Heraldry says that George Hay, second son of Andrew of Inchnoch, had a son James who was a writer in Edinburgh.
The DNB says that Bishop Hay was born at Edinburgh on 24 August 1729, the only son of James Hay, a ‘writer in Dalrymple's office,’ and grandson of Andrew Hay of Inchnoch.
James Hay in Annathill and John Hay in Inchnoch were the witnesses at the marriage of Elizabeth Hay to Joseph Howie. [New Monkland Parish Register]
James Hay, writer in Edinburgh, acted for Elizabeth Hay, spouse of Joseph Howie, in her sasine of 1718. [Register of Sasines]
So there is quite strong evidence to suggest that George Hay in Annathill was the son of Andrew Hay of Inchnoch, but most of it is from secondary sources.
If Elizabeth Hay, wife of Joseph Howie, and James Hay, writer in Edinburgh, were brother and sister, then James Cleland and Bishop Hay were first cousins twice removed.
Is this enough evidence to be sure that Elizabeth Hay in Annathill and James Hay, writer in Edinburgh were the children of George Hay in Annathill and grandchildren of Andrew Hay of Inchnoch?
Opinions, anyone?
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You may never get the perfect proof. Wait till you see the reasoning for 800 year old continental stuff!
Anyway you know what I think on this one. The 1718 sasine minute does not mention James HAY - or George.
Don
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The 1718 sasine minute does not mention James HAY - or George.
No, but the full sasine does. I got my hands on it yesterday and have managed to decipher some of it. This is as far as I have got with it: Sasine Elizabeth Hay. Att Hamilton the twenty nyneth day of October [1700] and Eighteen years the Sasine .... was produced by the sd John Clark and registrat the sd day yrof the tenor follows. In the name of God amen be it known to all men be .... Publick Instt of Sasine That upon the twenty fifth day of Octr [1700] and eighteen years and of the kings reign the fifth The qulk day in prsce of me nott publ and in pres ... Compeared perslie upon the grounds of the lands .... yranent ane discreet man Wm Young of Little Drumgray as .... splly Constitut .... the prcpt of Sasine .... together also wt ane discreet gentleman James Hay wryter Edgh as actuary for in name and on behalf of Elizabeth Hay spouse to Joseph Howie of Meikle Drumgray Haveing in his hands holding ane Contract of marriage ?past contracted betwixt the sd Joseph Howie and Elizabeth Hay wt ye speciall advice and consent of George Hay in Annathill her fayr on the one .... of ye date the fifth day of July 1717 years qrby and .... ?Youngest ?Child Joseph Howie bound and him his airs and assignees .... to duly and laully infeft and Sease the sd Elizabeth Hay ?yr his future spouse in liferent during all ye days extent of her life time In All and haill the mannor place of Meikle Drumgray and ye yeards quto belonging and sicklike in the Restrictions agreed and cont in the sd Contract In All and haill ane yearly .... of three hundred Merks Scots money to be uplifted and taken at two termes in ye year in equall portions Whit and Mart ffurth of .... haill the sd Joseph Howie his lands of Meikle Drumgray and Oxenlairs Lying in parochine of East Munkland and shrdome of Lanark .... as ye sd contract of marriage containing yrin ....
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"his future spouse" in 1718????
These indices are rubbish - and Lanark is one of the better ones.
This tells us that Elizabeth was the youngest child of George who was still alive in 1718.
But no relationship between Elizabeth and James Hay, Writer seems to be specified.
Can you send me an image, I'll try and decipher a bit more.
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I think the contract was dated 5 July 1717, and that is what refers to Joseph's future spouse. The parish register has the date of marriage as 29 July 1717. So that makes perfect sense: the 1717 marriage contract bound Joseph to infeft Elizabeth in the manor house and three hundred merks yearly, and the 1718 sasine was him putting that obligation into effect.
I don't think that 'youngest child' (if that is what it really says) refers to Elizabeth Hay, but I can't decipher the words immediately before it.
However the document does imply, by omission, that George was still alive in 1718 because it refers to him as 'George Hay', not 'the deceast George Hay' or 'umquhill George Hay'.
No connection between James Hay and Elizabeth Hay is specified, but it would surely be quite a concidence if James Hay, writer in Edinburgh, were acting on behalf of Elizabeth if there is no connection.
I can't send you a copy because all I have is a paper print-out, and the reason it's hard to decipher is that the handwriting as printed out is too small.
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I have an ancestor named John Craig who married Mary Gartshore in 1810 in New Monkland. I have Mary's death record but not John's. He was living in Cambusnethan in 1856 when his daughter Mary married John Hamilton. Mary (Gartshore) is a widow in Hamilton in 1861. My efforts to find John's death on Scotland's People have so far been unsuccessful.
There is something odd here.
1851 Census: Double Houses, 1 Stonecraigs Row, Cambusnethan, Lanark 628/10/21
John Smith Head Mar 34 Furnace keeper Shotts
Jane Smith Wife Mar 35 New Monkland
John Smith Son 16 Coalminer Shotts
Alexander Smith Son 14 Coalminer Shotts
Mary Smith Daughter 11 Shotts
Margaret Smith Daughter 4 Shotts
William Smith Son 4 months Cambusnethan
John Craig Father-in-law Wid 66 Labourer New Monkland
I have seen the death certificate of Jean/Jane Smith, which confirms that she was the daughter of John Craig and Mary Gartshore.
But
1861 Census: 26 Furnace Row, Hamilton, Lanark
William Craig Head Mar 40 Iron moulder and furnace man Lanark, Airdrie
Jean Craig Wife Mar 40
Agnes Craig Daughter 13 Scholar Lanark, Cambusnethan
Mary Craig Daughter 7 Scholar Lanark, Carluke
Jean Craig Daughter 5 Scholar Lanark, Shotts
Bethia Craig Daughter 3 Lanark, Shotts
David Craig Son 1 Lanark, Shotts
Mary Craig Mother Wid 73 Lanark, Airdrie
I have seen the 1873 death certificate of Mary Gartshore or Craig, which confirms that she was the widow of John Craig, and daughter of George Gartshore and Elizabeth Thomson. The informant was William Craig, son, Quarter, Parish of Hamilton.
So Mary was still alive and presumably kicking 20 years after her husband claimed to be a widower ???
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Extracted from the records of Cambusnethan Old Churchyard and Cemetery.
JANE SMITH, housewife, Newmains, aged 55 years, married.
Parents - John Craig & Mary Gartshore.
Interred in the old churchyard on 21st February 1871.
MARY CRAIG, housewife, Hamilton, aged 85 years, widow.
Parents - George Gartshore and - - - - - - .
Interred in the old churchyard on 28th May 1873.
GEORGE CRAIG, labourer, Wishaw, aged 62 years, married.
Parents - John Craig & Mary Gartshore.
Interred in the cemetery, lair D67 on 5th March 1888.
JANET CRAIG, Old Monkland Poorhouse, aged 66 years, widow.
Parents - Adam Clark & Janet Manderson.
Interred in the cemetery, lair D67 on 9th May 1896.
Unfortunately, the plot book for the old churchyard only begins at 1875, so there is no way of telling if John Craig is buried there too but my guess is he will be. No record of an MI for them, sorry.
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Thank you, Lodger. I didn't know of George's existence because none of the children of John Craig and Mary Gartshore seem to be in the baptism registers.
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I just read this thread and toss this out in no order.
Cleland at East Blairlinn is correct it was held by James Boyd as well as Coathill, Muirhead, Staylee, Hillhead and Craigend. James Boyd was a son of the Earl of Kilmarnock who divested his NM interests in 1689. Btw...James Boyd was also the tutor to Cleland. The Earl's other son Robert ended up with North Merdox and Newfauldhead. James Paterson had South Merdox. John Waddell acquired Magiscroft (1690 in case you don't have him).
Janet Shaw who married Thomas Steill "at" Little Drumgraes was a daughter of Robert Shaw of Easter Glentore (the marriage contract identifies the players). Wester Glentore was held by a Robert Howie who lost it in the later part of the 17thC. UofG managed W Glentore until 1711 when James Somerville of Glenhove acquired these lands and who promptly portioned out the farms.
D
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I have the confirmation of the testament dative :( of John Wodell in Magiscroft, dated 1663, to his widow Helen Speir. It would be difficult not to conclude that it was their son John who became Waddell of Magiscroft.
There were at least three Robert Howies (other spellings are available), father, son and grandson, of/in/at Glentore. One of them, whom I believe to be the first one, seems to have lost lands after being convicted of adultery with his servant Janet Johnstone in 1660, but I have yet to attempt to decipher the various documents relating to that, or to understand whether and if so why the adultery led to his lands being escheated.
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The Boyds also had Badenheath & Bedlay at one time!
Skoosh.